“El ruido puede ser una llamada al orden o un recordatorio de la norma y del poder instituido, pero también puede ser todo lo contrario: el clamor de la protesta o una llamada a la insubordinación colectiva”.
Horta A. (17 de diciembre de 2017). A la escucha del rumor social. El País.
Durante la última semana, Chile ha sido protagonista de multitudinarias protestas. Estas iniciaron el viernes 4 de octubre, cuando el Panel de Expertos del Transporte Público, consultado por la ministra del ramo Gloria Hutt, señaló como necesaria el alza de 30 pesos a los pasajes del Metro de Santiago, el Tren Central y los buses Red ajustados a sus horarios punta.
Como reacción comenzó una “evasión masiva” en el Metro de Santiago convocada por secundarios. Unidos por la consigna “Evadir, no pagar, otra forma de luchar”, grupos de estudiantes saltaban los torniquetes e invitaban a los usuarios a sumarse a la desaprobación del alza de pasajes.
Sin embargo, no era tan solo una movilización contra los 30 pesos del alza, sino que era el rebalse de 30 años de injusticia y desigualdad social que se habían acumulado por el modelo económico implantado desde los tiempos de la dictadura militar de Pinochet. Era por las alzas de las tarifas del transporte, y por la precaria situación en que quedaban los jubilados por el sistema de AFP, por los bajos ingresos, por lo caro de la salud, por el sistema de Isapres que muestra millonarias ganancias a fines de año y asfixia económicamente a los usuarios. Por todo eso y mucho más.

El único método de defensa de una población contra el gobierno de turno, la única forma para hacer notar el descontento es literalmente hacer ruido. Canciones, himnos, batucadas, tambores, aplausos, silbidos y cacerolazos son las formas de protestar pacíficamente de los cientos de personas que se manifiestan. Y el mensaje es aún más claro cuando son millones de personas, como ha ocurrido en Chile desde hace una semana.
El cacerolazo se ha convertido en uno de los símbolos de protesta. Transversalmente, mujeres, hombres y niños golpean ollas o sartenes en consonancia con cucharas de palo o utensilios en el que producen sonidos que evocan exigencias de demandas sociales.
Algunos orígenes del cacerolazo
Si bien hay poca claridad respecto al nacimiento del concepto de la cacerolada o cacerolazo, existen autores que adjudican sus raíces históricas a Francia bajo el nombre de Charivari, que luego se repetirían por Europa datados, con inexactitud, desde el siglo XIV. Según el autor Patricio Urkizu Sarasua, en su texto “Teatro vasco. Historia, reseñas y entrevistas, antología bilingüe, catálogo e ilustraciones”, Charivari se conoce como “una ceremonia o rito que sanciona y festeja las segundas nupcias”. También, el historiador Emmanuel Fureix arguye que las primeras manifestaciones de cacerolazos comenzaron en Francia en el periodo de 1830.
En el libro “Fiesta y rito en la Europa moderna” del estadounidense Edward Muir, se menciona el cacerolazo bajo el nombre de cencerrada como un rito popular utilizado en casos que significaran una transgresión a las normas de la comunidad relacionadas al comportamiento matrimonial o sexual.
“En su forma más simple supone la difamación pública de una pareja o un individuo por medio de canciones burlescas y ruidos provocados golpeando cacerolas y cazuelas”. (Probablemente el traductor usó el término cacerola a partir de la palabra inglesa casserole que significa lo que contiene la comida).
En Inglaterra, se acuñaba el surgimiento de rough music “como una manera de justicia popular; el pueblo expresaba su rechazo, ira o burla haciendo sonar lo que tenía a mano, generalmente instrumentos de percusión” (2013, año de la Rough Music. Periódico Diagonal).
Todos los ejemplos citados tienen en común personificar su descontento mediante ruidos estridentes que buscan suscitar cambios ante el desagrado colectivo.
Cacerolazos en América Latina
Existen varios ejemplos de caceroladas en Latinoamérica, que inicialmente comenzaron como representaciones de escasez de comida o recursos para la vivienda protagonizados por mujeres.
Países como Argentina comenzaron con cacerolazos como el del 20 de agosto de 1982 en protesta del incremento del costo de vida en la Plaza de Mayo en Buenos Aires. En octubre de 1986 con el gobierno de Raúl Alfonsín las mujeres se manifestaron en conjunto con La Confederación General del Trabajo de la República Argentina; y los días 19 y 20 de diciembre, a causa de la crisis económica que aquejaba al lugar.
Uruguay con la dictadura y violación de derechos humanos entre 1973 y 1985. Venezuela presenció protestas contra los presidentes Hugo Chávez y Nicolás Maduro en sus respectivos gobiernos por la oposición son algunos de los casos de protestas que tuvieron como protagonistas a las ollas y sartenes.
Chile y el movimiento Poder Femenino
Fue en Chile donde se originaron los primeros cacerolazos en América Latina y para sorpresa de muchos nacieron de las mujeres de la clase alta del país que protestaron en contra de la candidatura de Salvador Allende y, luego, durante su gobierno.
Según datos de Memoria Chilena (Biblioteca Nacional de Chile), en la década del 60 se creó la Acción de Mujeres de Chile (AMCh), asociación destinada a frenar el comunismo, en medio de la Guerra Fría, especialmente en América Latina después del triunfo de Fidel Castro en Cuba y así asegurar el triunfo del candidato Eduardo Frei Montalva.
La periodista de esa época Teresa Donoso Loero en su texto “La Epopeya de las Ollas Vacías” relata los indicios de la conocida Marcha de las Cacerolas Vacías, donde mujeres conservadoras se manifestaron en contra de la Unidad Popular y para exigir el alimento de maridos e hijos. En 1970 ellas habían apoyado la candidatura de Jorge Alessandri, quien había sido derrotado en las elecciones presidenciales por Salvador Allende, candidato de la Unidad Popular.
El 2 de diciembre de 1971 organizaron una de las manifestaciones más grandes en contra de Salvador Allende y su gobierno, donde se congregaron alrededor de 3 mil personas y que fue recordada por el golpeteo de las ollas de mujeres de clase acomodada. El hecho propició que se formara el movimiento Poder Femenino, considerado como apolítico, donde se adhirieron mujeres de clase media, de sectores populares y, prontamente, se desplegaron en algunas regiones del país.
Luego fue el golpe de Estado encabezado por Augusto Pinochet que terminó con la democracia en Chile y cuyo régimen alcanzó los 17 años. Precisamente fue en 1983 que también se realizó una manifestación con cacerolazos en forma de protesta en contra de la dictadura. El evento fue ideado por la Confederación de Trabajadores del Cobre y liderado por el dirigente sindical Rodolfo Seguel.
Y hoy continúan los cacerolazos, luego que el Presidente Sebastián Piñera ordenara la semana pasada Estado de Emergencia, dejando a cargo la seguridad de la nación al general Javier Iturriaga del Campo, quien ordenó el toque de queda. Los militares y las fuerzas policiales han violado los derechos humanos de la ciudadanía, según información entregada por El Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos (INDH) que se suman a las demandas iniciales. Estamos frente a un estallido social de proporciones, que no se conocía en Chile y que se desarrolla al ritmo de cacerolas y cucharas de palo.
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